POL S 308 A: The Western Tradition of Political Thought, Ancient and Medieval

Political Science 308: ANCIENT POLITICAL THOUGHT
University of Washington

**Second Essay Assignment**

Professor Jamie Mayerfeld                                                     Autumn 2021
Office: 35 Gowen Hall                                                           223 Music Building
Office Hours: Tue. 1:30-3:00, Fri. 10:30-11:30, by Zoom    MW: 12:30-2:20

Learning in Covid Times:  Together we can protect ourselves and each other from the risk of contracting covid-19. The University of Washington requires faculty, staff, and students to be vaccinated against covid-19. Masks covering mouth and nose must be worn indoors. I recommend that you wear close-fitting masks with effective filters, such as N95, KN95, or KF94 masks, which are now readily available and affordable. If you have symptoms, you must not come to class and you should get tested. For frequently asked questions about UW covid-19 policies, please visit this website. Thank you for doing your part to keep yourself and others safe.

Course Overview: This course examines prominent works of political theory produced in the city-state of Athens in the 5^th and 4^th centuries BCE.  In the first half of the course, we will read Sophocles’ Antigone, Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War (selections), and Plato’s Apology and Crito. These texts focus attention on the problems of tyranny, rebellion, war, and injustice.  In the second half of the course, we will read selections from Plato’s Republic and Aristotle’s Politics.  These are works of utopian political theory intended as a guide to the creation of a just political order.  The course readings present us with hard questions about war, imperialism, patriotism, democracy, political order, social hierarchy, political culture, human psychology, individual ethics, and social justice.  We will develop our own thoughts on these questions through critical engagement with the texts.    

We will set aside four sessions to discuss the climate crisis, a looming disaster that threatens human society, animal creation, species diversity, and the natural world. We have an opportunity in this course to think together about this challenge, what it means for us today and in the future, how it raises questions of justice, why it has not been halted, and what we should do about it. We may discover that the ancient texts will help us approach these questions.

Texts: The following books are on sale at the University Book Store, and will be placed on reserve at Odegaard Undergraduate Library:

Sophocles, The Three Theban Plays, trans. Robert Fagles (Penguin)
Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (Penguin)
Plato, The Trial and Death of Socrates, trans. G. M. A. Grube (Hackett)
Plato, Republic, trans. C. D. C. Reeve (2004 Hackett ed.)
Aristotle, Politics, trans. C. D. C. Reeve (Hackett)

You will find it most convenient to read these editions, but other editions can be used, provided you identify and read the assigned passages. (In the course calendar, common page references are listed in parentheses for the benefit of students using different editions.)

Requirements:

1. You are expected to complete the readings on time and come prepared to discuss them in class. The texts are challenging, but also rewarding. You will get the most out of them though careful, critical reading (and re-reading). In the course calendar, I include some questions to guide your reading of the texts. Please bring the assigned text to class, since we will devote some time to re-reading and analyzing specific passages.
2. Two essays, 5 pages long, will be assigned. You will be presented with a challenging question, intended to give you an opportunity for in-depth reflection on the texts and the questions they pose. Essays will be graded according to accuracy, clarity, and level of critical thought. The first essay is due on Friday, November 5. The second essay is due on Monday, December 13. Essay topics will be distributed approximately two weeks before the due-date. You will be asked to submit your essays electronically, using VeriCite to check for plagiarism.
3. A final exam, more straightforward in nature, will test basic understanding of the course material. It will be held on Thursday, December 16, from 8:30 am to 10:20 am. A study guide will be distributed beforehand.
4. Discussion is an essential part of this course. Part of your grade will be based on the quality of your contributions to class discussion. Shy students must make an effort to speak up. Talkative students may need, in some instances, to practice restraint. I am looking for regular, thoughtful class participation, informed by knowledge of the assigned readings.

Grading: The course grade is calculated as follows:

First paper: 35%
Second paper: 35%
Final Exam: 20%
Participation: 10%

Office Hours: You are all encouraged to visit me during my office hours, Tuesdays between 1:30 and 3:00 and Fridays, between 10:30 and 11:30.  Office hours will be held by Zoom at this link: https://washington.zoom.us/j/6361929130.  (No office hours on Friday, October 1.)

Students with Disabilities Provisions:  If you wish to request academic accommodations due to a disability, please contact the Disability Resources for Students Office (DRS), 011 Mary Gates Hall, uwdrs@uw.edu, or 543-8924.  If you have a letter from DRS indicating that you have a disability that requires special accommodations, please present the letter to me.

Religious Accommodations. Washington state law requires that UW develop a policy for accommodation of student absences or significant hardship due to reasons of faith or conscience, or for organized religious activities. The UW’s policy, including more information about how to request an accommodation, can be seen here. Accommodations must be requested within the first two weeks of this course using the Religious Accommodations Request form.

Academic Integrity:  Cheating and plagiarism are offenses against academic integrity and are subject to disciplinary action by the University.  Plagiarism is copying someone else’s work and presenting it as your own (by not attributing it to its true source).  If you are uncertain what constitutes plagiarism, please ask me or your TA. The Political Science/JSIS/LSJ/CHID Writing Center also offers guidance on plagiarism: depts.washington.edu/pswrite/Handouts/Plagiarism.pdf.

VeriCite.  The University has a license agreement with VeriCite, an educational tool that helps prevent or identify plagiarism from Internet resources. I will require students to submit their research papers electronically to be checked by VeriCite. The VeriCite Report will indicate the amount of original text in your work and whether all material that you quoted, paraphrased, summarized, or used from another source is appropriately referenced.

Maintaining a Respectful Learning Environment: This course may lead into discussion of controversial social and political topics.  Discussion should be open to a wide range of perspectives, and everyone should feel comfortable about participating.  We will facilitate learning if we engage discussion with respect and empathy for one another.  Contradictory views are encouraged, and can contribute to learning as long as everyone remains open to new information and willing to learn from people with different perspectives and life experiences.  Please avoid inflammatory, derogatory and insulting words and personal attacks. Such conduct inhibits learning and prevents the free exchange of ideas.  No one, not even your instructor, is perfect.  We all make mistakes and have the potential to learn from our mistakes.  I generally advise against using social media to comment negatively on individuals in this class.  If you have concerns or complaints, please communicate them to me.

COURSE CALENDAR

(Readings are due on the date indicated.)

Wed. Sept. 29: Introduction, Historical Background

Mon. Oct. 4: Sophocles, Antigone, entire

What underlies the conflict between Antigone and Creon? Is this a clash of principles, or merely of personalities? What would you describe as Antigone and Creon’s main flaws? Are their flaws detachable from their virtues? How would you compare them to Ismene and Haemon respectively?

Wed. Oct. 6: Antigone, cont.

Was the tragedy inevitable, given the moral commitments of Antigone and Creon? Do Antigone and Creon prove faithful to their principles? Which character displays a greater sense of responsibility? Does Antigone’s gender work as a constraint or a source of empowerment?

Mon. Oct. 11: The Climate Crisis: What's at Stake.

Jonathan Watts, “We have 12 years to limit climate change catastrophe, warns UN,” The Guardian, October 8, 2018

Fiona Harvey, “Major climate changes inevitable and irreversible – IPCC’s starkest warning yet,” The Guardian, August 9, 2021

Brad Plumer and Henry Fountain, “A Hotter Future Is Certain, Climate Panel Warns. But How Hot Is Up to Us,” New York Times, August 9, 2021.  Or read as PDF.

Umair Irfan, “What’s the worst that could happen? These five climate scenarios show us what the future of the planet could look like,” Vox, September 10, 2021

Damian Carrington, “Greenland ice sheet on brink of major tipping point, says study,” The Guardian, May 17, 2021

David Wallace-Wells, “The Uninhabitable Earth,” New York Magazine, July 10, 2017.  Or read as PDF. 

Bill McKibben, “This Is How Human Extinction Could Play Out,” Rolling Stone, April 9, 2019.  Or read as PDF.

Wed. Oct. 13: Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, pp. 35, 48-49, 72-87, 118-24 (Book I, sections 1, 23, 66-88, 139-46)

At the Conference in Sparta, Athenian foreign policy is analyzed by the Corinthians, the Spartans, and the Athenians themselves. What explanations are offered, and why do they differ from each other? How do the Athenians defend their empire? Is it a convincing defense? Are Athens and Sparta fated to fight each other?

Mon. Oct. 18: Peloponnesian War, pp. 143-64, 212-23 (Book II, sections 34-65; Book III, sections 36-50)

What is Pericles trying to achieve in the Funeral Oration? Why does he call Athens “an education to Greece”? What is a citizen, according to Pericles, and what are the duties of a citizen? Would Antigone have a role to play in Pericles’ Athens? Would Creon? What do we learn about Athens from the Plague, and from Pericles’ last recorded speech? How do Cleon and Diodotus try to persuade the Athenians concerning the proper treatment of the Mytilenians? Why are the Athenians moved to clemency?

Wed. Oct. 20: Peloponnesian War, pp. 236-45, 400-08, 414-29 (Book III, sections 69-85; Book V, sections 84-116). If you have time, read pp. 503-13, 522-37 (Book VII, sections 42-56, 69-87).

What explains the hellish chaos of the Corcyran civil war? Does the Corcyran experience mirror the war between Athens and Sparta, or is it fundamentally different? Does Corcyra teach us a general lesson about the human condition? How do the Athenians justify their treatment of the Melians? Is their justification persuasive? Did the Melians behave wisely? What motives and beliefs led the Athenians to embark on the Sicilian expedition? Did they reason wisely? Does the story reveal anything about the perils of empire?

Mon. Oct. 25: Plato, Apology

What is Athens’ complaint against Socrates? How does Socrates defend himself against the accusations, formal and informal, leveled against him? If you were in the jury, how would you have voted?

How should we live, according to Socrates? What service does Socrates believe he provides to Athens? Does Pericles’ Athens practice the self-examination recommended by Socrates? Does the contemporary United States?

Wed. Oct. 27: Plato, Crito

Are you persuaded by Socrates’ argument that he should suffer the death sentence imposed on him by his fellow-citizens? Do you believe you have a moral obligation to obey the laws of your country? If so, why? Do you have an obligation to risk or indeed sacrifice your life if commanded to do so by your government?

Mon. Nov. 1: Plato, Republic, Book I, entire

Cephalus, Polemarchus, and Thrasymachus each offer a definition of justice. Why is Socrates dissatisfied with all three? What is the underlying disagreement between Socrates and Thrasymachus? Are you persuaded by Socrates’ rebuttal of Thrasymachus?

Wed. Nov. 3: The Climate Crisis: Legislation and Policy Battles

Leah Stokes, “The Infrastructure Bill Won’t Cut It on Climate,” The Atlantic, July 14, 2021. Available as PDF.

Brad Plumer and Winston Choi-Schagrin, “Major Climate Action at Stake in Fight Over Twin Bills Pending in Congress,” New York Times, October 10, 2021. Available as PDF.

Coral Davenport, “Key to Biden’s Climate Agenda Likely to Be Cut Because of Manchin Opposition,” New York Times, October 15, 2021. Available as PDF.

Coral Davenport, “Climate Change Became the Largest Part of Biden Spending Bill,” New York Times, October 28, 2021. Available as PDF.

John Cook et al. (2019), America Misled: How the fossil fuel industry deliberately misled Americans about climate change, George Mason University Center for Climate Change Communication, 2019. Available as PDF.

**Fri. Nov. 5: Your first essay is due today.**

Mon. Nov. 8: Republic, Book II, entire; Book III, pp. 66-79 (386a-398b)

According to Glaucon and Adeimantus, most people do not cherish justice for its own sake. What is their argument, and is it persuasive? What is Socrates’ account of the origin of the state? What is his theory of child rearing? Would you endorse it?

Wed. Nov. 10: Republic, Book III, pp. 94-102 (410c-417b); Book IV, entire

Why must the architects of Socrates’ ideal state resort to mythmaking? Is mythmaking an indispensable feature of any stable political regime? How does the organization of the individual soul resemble that of the state? How does Socrates define the four virtues, including justice? How would you characterize Plato’s vision of human excellence, and do you accept it?

Mon. Nov. 15: Republic, Book V, pp. 136-64 (449a-471b)

How can Socrates support inequality between social classes yet rigid equality between the sexes? Why must the governing class practice total communism? What are Socrates’ arguments for exercising restraint in warfare, and are the proposed restraints adequate?

Wed. Nov. 17: The Climate Crisis: Climate Injustice

Olufemi Taiwi and Beba Cibralic, “The Case for Climate Reparations,” (Links to an external site.) Foreign Policy, October 10, 2020.  Also available as PDF.

Patrick Greenfield, “Madagascar paying price for cheap European flights, says climate minister,” (Links to an external site.)The Guardian, November 6, 2021.  Also available as PDF.

Fiona Harvey, “World's richest 1% cause double CO2 emissions of poorest 50%, says Oxfam,” (Links to an external site.)The Guardian, September 20, 2020.  Also available as PDF.

Mon. Nov. 22: Republic, Book V, pp. 164-75 (471c-480a); Book VI, entire; Book VII, pp. 208- 15 (514a-521b)

Why, according to Socrates, should only the smartest people rule? What makes potential philosophers both so promising and so dangerous? What is knowledge, according to Socrates, and what is reality? Does he help us see what constitutes the good? What is the meaning of the metaphor of the cave?

Wed. Nov. 24: Republic, Books VIII and IX

What are sources of political and personal corruption? Why does Socrates think that the character of the state and the character of its citizens are intertwined? Are all the stages of political and personal corruption equally regrettable? How would you describe Socrates’ attitude toward democracy? Why is the tyrant the most miserable person on Earth? Has Socrates succeeded in refuting Thrasymachus, Glaucon, and Adeimantus?

Mon. Nov. 29. The Climate Crisis: Individual and Collective Responsibility.

Rebecca Solnit, “Big oil coined ‘carbon footprints’ to blame us for their greed. Keep them on the hook,” The Guardian, August 23, 2021. Available as PDF.

Sami Grover, “The Messy Truth About Carbon Footprints,” Mother Jones, September 11, 2021.  Available as PDF. 

Katharine Hayhoe, “The Most Important Thing You Can Do to Fight Climate Change: Talk About It,”Ted Talk, November 2018 (17 minutes)

Leah Stokes, “The Case for a Green New Deal,” Remarks delivered at the University of Pennsylvania, October 19, 2019 (14 minutes)

Leah Stokes, “The Narwhal Curve,” produced with Grist, April 2020 (3 minutes)

Optional: Leah Stokes and Katharine Wilkerson, produced, “Give Up Your Climate Guilt,” A Matter of Degrees podcast, episode 1

Wed. Dec. 1: Aristotle, Politics, Book I, entire; Book II, chs. 1-5

What does Aristotle mean when he says that “man is a political animal,” and why does he say it? How is the household different from the polis (state), and why is this important? What is Aristotle’s defense of slavery, and how persuasive is it? Does Aristotle’s political theory require slavery? What is his defense of patriarchy?

How would you describe Aristotle’s economic views? Is he a capitalist, a communist, or neither? What is his criticism of Plato’s Republic?

Mon. Dec. 6: Politics, Book III, chs. 1-13; Book VII, chs. 1-3, 8-9, 13-15; Book VIII, chs. 1-2

What is the purpose of the state? What is a citizen? How is citizenship connected to, and in tension with, self-fulfillment? What are the principles of education in the virtuous state? Do you agree with Aristotle that the state should try to instill virtue in its citizens?

Wed. Dec. 8: Politics, Book IV, chs. 1-13; Book V, chs. 1-6; Book VI, chs. 1-7

Why do most city-states take the form of either oligarchy or democracy? Why does Aristotle like the middle class? What are the causes of faction, and how are the states best protected against the dangers of faction? How can we fashion a constitution that combines the virtues, and avoids the vices, of democracy and oligarchy? Which of Aristotle’s recommendations do you recognize in our own political system?

**Mon. Dec. 13: Second essay is due.**

**Thur. Dec. 16: Final Exam, 8:30 am -10:20 am.**